Introduction to Mineralogy Dr. Tark Hamilton Lecture 3 Chapter 1 Camosun College GEOS 250 Lectures: 9:30-10:20 M T Th F300 Lab: 9:30-12:20 W F300.

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1 Introduction to Mineralogy Dr. Tark Hamilton Lecture 3 Chapter 1 Camosun College GEOS 250 Lectures: 9:30-10:20 M T Th F300 Lab: 9:30-12:20 W F300

2 Minerals in the News: New Green Cement http://www.sfgate.com/cgi- bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/09/02/MNGD12 936I.DTLhttp://www.sfgate.com/cgi- bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/09/02/MNGD12 936I.DTL Green cement may set CO 2 fate in concrete, Carrie Sturrock, S.F. Chronicle Stanford Professor Brent Constantz (59) prior medical patents for bone cement Waste CO 2 + Seawater + Mg = Cement Calcining Limestone produces CO 2

3 Why should I care? Worldwide, 2.5 billion tons of cement are manufactured each year, creating about 5% of the Earth's CO 2 emissions. Makes enough concrete to pave an 8-lane highway from Earth to Moon & back X 2 Reducing the amount of CO 2 power plants emit by sequestering it inside the cement. Damn! Why didn’t I think of this?

4 Portland Cement: Simplified Crystal Structure of Alite Oxide % Mass SiO 2 25.2 Al 2 O 3 1.0 Fe 2 O 3 0.7 CaO 71.6 MgO 1.1 Na 2 O 0.1 K 2 O 0.1 P 2 O 5 0.2 Ca 2.9 Mg 0.06 Na 0.01 Fe 0.03 Al 0.04 Si 0.95 P 0.01 O 5

5 Tricalcium silicate: Alite 2Ca 3 SiO 5 + 6H2O → 3CaO.2SiO 2.3H 2 O + 3Ca(OH) 2 Triclinic pseudo Trigonal/rhombohedral Multiple polymorphs w/ ( SiO 4 ) -4 chains “A” & “B” forms alternate around triad axis Phase inversions with cooling R  M 3  M 2  M 1  T 3  T 2  T 1 1070°  1060°  990°  920°  620° Needles & twins give early strength Belite, dicalcium silicate + lime for late strength

6 Klein & Dutrow 2008, fig_01_09

7 Mineral Science: What Mineralogists Do Crystallography: Forms, symmetry, XRD Crystal Chemistry: Inorganic, substitution, kinetics of formation Classification: Composition & Structure, ~50 new minerals a year, ~4000 total Paragenesis: Geological occurrence, assemblage, setting, conditions Descriptive: Locality, form, habit, colour

8 Names of Minerals Some Canadian Examples

9 Example Mineral Name Origins Bytownite (Ab 30-10 An 70-90 ) Bytown = Ottawa Calcite (CaCO 3 ) calx, L. Lime Carletonite (KNa 4 Ca 4 Si 8 O 18 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH,F) H 2 O) Carleton U., Mont St. Hilaire Cassiterite (SnO 2 ) kassiteros, Gr. Tin Labradorite (Ab 50-30 An 50-70 ) Labrador Monteregianite KCa 2 AlSi 7 O 17 (OH) 2 ·6(H 2 O) Monteregian Hills PQ, (Hydrodelhayelite) Sperrylite (PtAs 2 ) F. Sperry (discoverer), ON

10 History of Mineralogy & Crystal Chemistry

11 History of Technical Mineral Use >40,000 BCE Fe 2 O 3 red & MnO(OH) black cave art & Cu beads > 3000 BCE Turquoise, Jade hoarded, collection & trade 2900 BCE Egypt & Bronze Age Greece: Gold smelting & refining 1500 BCE “Refining minerals” Plaster burners, Charcoal reduction of metal 1500 BCE Semitic Chetites, Fe tools 1000 BCE India Fe tools, Egypt Hg 1300 AD Additional smelting refining

12 Klein & Dutrow, 2008 fig_01_08

13 Ancient Mineral Writings & Ideas Heiroglyphics ~2900 BCE (Bronze Age), Au, Ag, Cu-Sn, Ceramics, Enamelwork Leucippo 500 BCE Theory of “Atoms” Empedocles 430 BCE Earth, Air, Fire, H 2 O Theophrastus 287 BCE “Concerning Stones” Pliny 79 CE Natural History

14 Cornelius Agricola (1556) De Re Metallica Mining & Ore Smelting Raises, tunnels, ore cars, Winzes, headframes (note clearcut – wood fuel)

15 The Road to Modern Mineralogy 1669 Nicolaus Steno: Constant interfacial angles of quartz from different places 1783 Rome d’L’Isle & Carangeot: Goniometer contact & Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles 1784 Rene de Hauy: Crystals built up from “integral molecules” (unit cells) 1801 Rene de Hauy: Rational Indices for Crystal Faces 1809 Wollaston: Reflection goniometer

16 R.J. Hauy’s 1784 Unit Cell Concept for building Dodecahedral Garnet

17 The Road to Modern Mineralogy 1874 Miller 2 circle goniometer, dihedral angles 1889 Federov poles to crystal faces plotted in stereographic projection (Wulff net) shows symmetry between faces 1914 Von Laue X-ray diffraction of ZnS NP 1921 G. Tschermak & F. Becke Polarizing Microscope 1960’s SEM, STEM electron imagery

18 Mineralogy, Alchemy & the Roots of Modern Chemistry 1660 Robert Boyle: Sceptical Chemist “Elements” used in modern sense ~1750 Joseph Proust: Elements combine in Definite Proportions  Compounds ~1800 John Dalton, Wm Higgins Law of definite proportions (weight ratios) 1813 Jons J. Berzelius: Symbols & Atomic weights for 15 elements/Oxygen 1837 J. D. Dana: A System of Mineralogy 1870 Dimitri Mendeleyev: Periodic Chart 1871 J. L Meyer: Atomic volumes vs weights.

19 Lifetime Per Capita Mineral Usage (Kg) 1.64 X 10 6 : all minerals 361 Pb: batteries, solder 261 Zn: brass, cathodics, chemicals 682 Cu: wiring, alloys 1633 Al: aircraft, cans, foil, lawn chairs 14864 Fe: spoons nails cars ships bldg 12824 NaCl: deicing, detergent, food 562773 : Stone, gravel, sand